Objective 5.2Organization· 1 min read
Organizational Effectiveness & Development
Organizational Effectiveness & Development
What you will learn
- Distinguish matrix, functional, and flat structures and define span of control.
- Tell job enrichment from job enlargement.
- Recognize rating errors: halo, recency, central tendency, and leniency.
- Explain the risks of forced distribution and the benefits of ongoing performance conversations.
Organizational effectiveness asks: do structure, processes, and culture help people do their best work? Organizational development is the planned intervention that improves this, from redesigning jobs to changing culture.
Common rating errors
| Halo Effect | Generalizing a positive impression of one trait to all others. |
|---|---|
| Recency Effect | Overweighting recent events at the expense of the whole year. |
| Central Tendency | Rating everyone as average and avoiding the extremes. |
| Leniency | Rating everyone highly. |
Job enrichment vs. job enlargement
| Enrichment | Enlargement | |
|---|---|---|
| Direction | Vertical: responsibility, autonomy, decisions | Horizontal: more tasks at the same level |
| Effect on motivation | Usually higher | Adds variety, not depth |
Forced distribution in small teams
Forcing a fixed share of poor ratings on every team can treat good employees unfairly in small or high-performing teams, push competition over collaboration, and raise discrimination-claim risk.
What matters on the exam
- A matrix structure gives employees two managers and can cause conflicting priorities.
- Appreciative inquiry builds on strengths rather than starting from problems.
- Culture change succeeds when leaders model the behavior and formal systems reward it.
- Good goals are SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound.
Quick check
Answer in your head first, then reveal.
A manager bases the annual rating on a last-month mistake. What error?Reveal the answer
Recency effect.
What does a wide span of control mean?Reveal the answer
More employees per manager and fewer management levels.
Which job design adds autonomy and responsibility?Reveal the answer
Job enrichment.
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Sources
Used to verify the facts. The writing is original to Passuit.